For years, popular culture has treated a human settlement on Mars as an almost inevitable next chapter, a matter of engineering and willpower rather than fundamental limits. Astrophysicist Neil ...

Tyrone felt uneasy questioning Professor Flowers. Decades ago, as a student, he had worked in her space-studies group, and the human colonization of Mars had caught his imagination. His mind had ...

Humanity may be closer to establishing a permanent presence on Mars than ever before, but surviving on the Red Planet remains one of the greatest challenges in space exploration. Extreme radiation, ...