Thin films are two-dimensional (2D) material layers deposited on a bulk substrate, possessing a thickness of a few nanometers to impart properties that cannot be realized by base materials. The unique ...

Diagram of an X-ray Reflectometry (XRR) setup: This schematic shows the arrangement of the X-ray tube, Gӧbel mirror, sample holder, and detector. The X-rays are emitted from the tube, shaped by slits ...

In this article, we explore how X-ray diffraction, also known as XRD, can be used to analyze thin films and the benefits of using this technique. Many materials are now processed in the form of thin ...

What is X-Ray Scattering? X-ray scattering is a powerful analytical technique used to probe the structure and properties of materials at the nanoscale. It involves directing a beam of X-rays at a ...

Surface wrinkling is a morphological effect of the constrained shrinking or swelling of materials. In thin-film properties, surface wrinkling poses effects on particle assembly, mechanical ...

Accurately controlling film thickness and uniformity is extremely important for both throughput and performance in the automotive, aerospace, semiconductor, medical, and research industries. White ...